A 58 year old male presents to the ER with a 4 day history of high fever, a dry hacking cough, and severe shortness of breath. He also complains of profuse watery diarrhea and confusion. Antimicrobial Resistance in Ventilator Associated Pneumonia: Predictive Microbiology and Evidence Based Therapy Infectious Diseases and Therapy Springer Nature Link VAP #HAP #pneumonia The diagnosis of VAP is difficult as clinical signs suggestive of pneumonia, such as fever, tachycardia, and leukocytosis, are nonspecific in critically ill patients. Moreover, particularly in Diagnosis, management and treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in ICU Serene